GMO - Genetically modified organism (GMO) is Genetic material of an organism is  altered with the help of genetic engineering techniques generally known as recombinant DNA technology. DNA molecules from one source is combined with the DNA of other in vitro into one molecule to create a new gene. The recombinant DNA is then transferred into an organism causing the expression of modified or novel traits. The product is also known as an Genetically Engineered Organism or GEO.

Examples Transgenic animals (mice, fish),  transgenic plants (BT Cotton, Flavour Savour Tomato), or various microbes (fungi and bacteria) . The production and use of GMOs are ivolved in biology or medicine, for the production of pharmaceuticals and industrial enzymes, and for direct, and often controversial, applications aimed at improving human health (e.g., gene therapy) or agriculture (e.g., golden rice). For example, a gene from a jellyfish, encoding a fluorescent protein called GFP, can be physically linked and thus co-expressed with mammalian genes to identify the location of the protein encoded by the GFP-tagged gene in the mammalian cell. The indispensable use of GMO is in many areas of research, such as to study the mechanisms of human and other diseases .

For ex vivo gene transfer of RA-SFs, retroviral vectors have been used . This is because retroviruses are easy to produce and, through integration of their genetic information into the host genome, they can achieve
longlasting expression of the transgene.

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