Binary Exponential Backoff Algorithm was chosen to dynamically adapt to the number of stations trying to send. If the randomization interval for all collision was 1023 slots, the chance of two stations colliding for a second time  would be negligible, but the average wait after a collision would be hundreds of slot times, introducing significant delay. On the other hand, if each station always delayed for either 0 or 1 slot, then if 100 stations ever tried to send at once, they would collide over and over until 99 of them picked 1 and the remaining station picked 0. This may take years. But having the randomization interval grow exponentially as more and more consecutive collisions occur, the algorithm ensures a low delay when only a few stations collide but also ensures that the collision is resolved in a reasonable interval when many stations collide. Truncating the backoff at 1023 keeps the bound from growing too large.

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Free memory is maintained in linked lists, each of equal sized blocks. Any such block is of size 2^k. When some memory is required by a process, the block size of next higher order is chosen, and broken into two. Note that the two such pieces differ in address only in their kth bit. Such pieces are called buddies. When any used block is freed, the OS checks to see if its buddy is also free. If so, it is rejoined, and put into the original free-block linked-list.

A command is a special type of message. Windows generates a command whenever user chooses a menu item, clicks a button or tells the system to do something. Windows send a WM_COMMAND message for menu choices, button clicks or WM_NOTIFY for list box selection. Commands and notifications are passed around by the operating system just like any other message until they get into the top of OnWndMsg() and MFC command routing starts.Command messages have the first parameter, the resource id of the menu item that was chosen or the button that was clicked.Command routing is a mechanism used by OnWndMsg to send commands to objects that can't receive messages. Only objects of type CWnd can receive messages but all objects that inherit from CCmdTarget including CWnd and CDocument can receive commands and notifications.How do commands and notifications get to the class though? The answer is by command routing. OnWndMsg calls CWnd::OnCommand() or CWnd::OnNotify() which in turn call OnCmdMsg() which is a virtual function, which means that different command targets have different implementations. The implementation of a frame window sends the commands to its views and documents. This is how commands get handled by m

It is an estimated measure of the expected harm or loss associated with an adverse event, usually in a manner chosen to facilitate meaningful addition over different events. It is generally the integrated product of arbitrary values of risk and hazard and is often expressed in terms such as costs in US dollars, loss in expected years of life or loss in productivity, and is needed for numerical exercises such as cost-benefit analysis.

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