In a multiplexed bus system, many devices are connected to a common bus. If 2 or more devices attempt to use the bus at the same time , then data will be lost. Thus only one one device must be allowed to use the bus at a time. to rectify this we will connect the devices through tri-state devices , when disabled it will effectively discoonect devices from the bus.

It's a combination of software and hardware Which are embedded by Kiel compiler to perform desired task.

binary counter with the number of bits available.
initiallly counter is set to zero. then bits are checked against logic 1 or 0,if they are either logic 1 or 0,then
counter is incremented.

Charging a Capacitor: The voltage across the capacitor is not instantaneously equal to that of the
voltage across the battery when the switch is closed. The voltage on the capacitor
builds up as more and more charges flows onto the capacitor until the battery is
no longer able to "push" any more charge onto the capacitor, at which point the
capacitor becomes fully charged.The initial flow of charges from the battery to
the capacitor means that there is a current flowing through the system until the
capacitor is charged. This current flow decays exponentially from some initial
value to zero.
DisCharging a Capacitor: Switch remains open and voltage across capaciotr decreses untill it reaches zero.

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Write Through. After writing in cache memory, main memory is updated too
inmediatly to mantain reliability.
Write Back After writing in cache memory a flag bit called dirty bit is set.
When this value need to be replaced that bit is check, if it is set then the
value is taken to main memory.