When the computers on the network simply listen and receive the signal, they are referred to as passive because they don't amplify the signal in any way.

Series of interface points that allow other computers to communicate with the other layers of network protocol stack.

A generic term for section of a large networks usually separated by a bridge or router.

IP is Internet Protocol. It is the network protocol which is used to send information from one computer to another over the network over the internet in the form of packets

The "ARP" stands for Address Resolution Protocol. The ARP standard defines two basic message types: a request and a response. a request message contains an IP address and requests the corresponding hardware address; a replay contains both the IP address, sent in the request, and the hardware address.

Data link layer is located above the physical layer, but below the network layer. Taking raw data bits and packaging them into frames. The network layer will be responsible for addressing the frames, while the physical layer is reponsible for retrieving and sending raw data bits

The order by which the network protocols are use