There are 3 main uses for the static.
1. If you declare within a function:
It retains the value between function calls

2.If it is declared for a function name:
By default function is extern..so it will be visible from other files. if the function declaration is as static, it is invisible for the outer files

3.Static for global variables:
By default we can use the global variables from outside files If it is static global..that variable is limitied to with in the file

Yes.  If you are debugging via Visual Studio.NET, just go to Immediate window.

The data value may not be changed.  Note: The variable value may be changed, but the original immutable data value was discarded and a new data value was created in memory.

It is available to any sub-class (a class inheriting this class).

Prevents relocation of a variable by GC.

A property is not classified as a variable - it can't be ref or out parameter.