it is lapd --link access protocol for d channel, it is the protocol used in gsm for communication between bts and msc

KittyHawk is a set of APIs used by LG Telecom on its IBook and p520 devices. KittyHawk is based on CLDC. It is conceptually similar to MIDP but the two APIs are incompatible.

International organization jointly founded in 1991 by Cisco Systems, NET/ADAPTIVE, Northern Telecom, and Sprint that develops and promotes standards-based implementation agreements for ATM technology. The ATM Forum expands on official standards developed by ANSI and ITU-T, and develops implementation agreements in advance of official standards.

CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access. It is a channel access method. It employs spread spectrum technology (Direct Spread Spectrum).
Transmitter Side:
In CDMA, a narrowband message signal is multiplied by a very large bandwidth signal celled the spreading signal. This spreading signal is a Psuedo Noise Code signal. All users in CDMA system use the same carrier frequency and may transmit simultaneously. Each user is identified by it's own psuedorandom codeword. This psuedorandom codeword is orthogonal to one another. In this way, each user is separated from the others.

Receiver Side:
For detecting the message signal, the receiver needs to know the codeword used by the transmitter.

no connection is required because datagram itself act as a call establishment signal

- 48 volts. This -48 volts is required by the copper wires to prevent it from corroded & eluded.