A database index is a data structure that improves the speed of operations in a table. Indices can be created using one or more columns, providing the basis for both rapid random lookups and efficient ordering of access to records. The disk space required to store the index is typically less than the storage of the table (since indices usually contain only the key-fields according to which the table is to be arranged, and excludes all the other details in the table), yielding the possibility to store indices into memory from tables that would not fit into it. In a relational databasean index is a copy of part of a table. Some databases extend the power of indexing by allowing indices to be created on functions or expressions. For example, an index could be created on upper(last_name), which would only store the uppercase versions of the last_name field in the index. Another option sometimes supported is the use of "filtered" indices, where index entries are created only for those records that satisfy some conditional expression. A further aspect of flexibility is to permit indexing on user-defined functions, as well as expressions formed from an assortment of built-in functions.

CAML stands for Collaborative Application Markup Language and is an XML-based language
that is used in Microsoft Windows SharePoint Services to define sites and lists, including, for
example, fields, views, or forms, but CAML is also used to define tables in the Windows
SharePoint Services database during site provisioning.

A view may be thought of as a virtual table, that is, a table that does not really exist in its own right but is instead derived from one or more underlying base table. In other words, there is no stored file that direct represents the view instead a definition of view is stored in data dictionary.

Growth and restructuring of base tables is not reflected in views. Thus the view can insulate users from the effects of restructuring and growth in the database. Hence accounts for logical data independence.

It interprets DDL statements and record them in tables containing metadata.

Data dictionary is a set of tables and database objects that is stored in a special area of the database and maintained exclusively by the kernel.

i. Bad normalization

ii. Theta joins

iii. Updating tables from join

a) i & ii b) ii & iii

c) i & iii d) ii & iii

(a) i & ii because theta joins are joins made on keys that are not primary keys.