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It is a bond with a speculative credit rating of BB or lower. Such bonds offer investors higher yields than bonds of financially sound companies. Two agencies, Standard & Poor's and Moody's Investor Services, provide the rating systems for companies' credit.

it is the systematic establishment of a new accounting period's balances by using (rolling forward) prior accounting period data. There are two approaches: 1. Roll forward both asset and liabilities on a consistent basis from a consistent earlier date (possibly the last annual review); or, take the most up to date asset and liability figures as the starting point (which may be at different dates) to produce roll forward estimates of assets and liabilities; in securities, it is when an investor replaces an old options position with a new one having a later expiration date (and same strike price).

entry load are those charges which is levied on investor when he buy any mutual fund from distributor companys.
exit load charges are those when invesstor surrender their mutual fund to distributor co.'s.

Some Mutual Funds provide the investor with an option to shift his investment from one scheme to another within that fund. For this option the fund may levy a switching fee. Switching allows the Investor to move his investment wholly or partly from one scheme to another to meet his changed investment needs, changed risk profile or changing circumstances during his lifetime.

In Mutual Funds, the investments of investors are pooled to form a common investible corpus and the gain/loss to all investors during a given period are same for all investors. In the case of portfolio management schemes, the investments of a particular investor remain identifiable to him. Here the gain or loss of investors will be different from each other.

The buy and sell price of schemes can be different from the NAV due to entry / exit loads. For example, if the current NAV of a scheme is Rs. 10 and the entry and exit load is 1.5% then the effective purchase price for the investor per unit will be Rs. 10.15, and the sale price will be Rs. 9.85.