HERE in free electrophoresis protein solution is composed of 3 components a,b,c
carry charges of same sign but of diferent magnitude. the solution will be homogeneous from ascending boundary to descending boundary.
on the flow ofcurrent 3 components are seperate. during electrophoresis
concentration gradients will be set at the boundaries. method is free
electrophoresis. in zone electrophoresis migration of proteins in an electric field passing through
a solution supported by inert materials such as filter paper, starch gel, silica
gel is termed as gel electrophoresis.

The superiority of TLC over paper chromatography because of inorganic nature of adsorbent concentrated
sulfuric acid spray followed by heating may be used to develope on the chromatogram by charring.
moreover aminoacid mixtures which require 18 hours for seperation on paper require 3 hrs using cellulose TLC.
advantage also lies in choice of adsobents which allow seperation not possible on paper.

bionics

Totipotency is the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all the differentiated cells in an organism,
including extraembryonic tissues. Totipotent cells formed during sexual and asexual reproduction include spores and zygotes.the definition of pluripotency has come to refer to a stem cell that has the potential to differentiate into any of the three germ layers: endoderm (interior stomach lining, gastrointestinal tract, the lungs), mesoderm (muscle, bone, blood, urogenital), or ectoderm (epidermal tissues and nervous system). Pluripotent stem cells can give rise to any fetal or adult cell type. However, alone they cannot develop into a fetal or adult animal because they lack the potential to contribute to extraembryonic tissue, such as the placenta.

Food biotechnology is a process scientists use to enhance the production, nutritional value, safety, and taste of foods. It can also benefit the environment by improving crops so that they need fewer pesticides.

A transgenic organism is one whose genome has been subject to artificial
modification. A transgenic organism may result when foreign DNA is inserted into
the nucleus of a fertilized embryo. Bacterial transformation is another example of a process that leads to a transgenic organism.

GM products, and GM plants in particular, will have a positive impact on the environment by reducing agricultural chemical use and by promoting good agricultural practices such as no-till agriculture.
These crops could effect the environment through
1) transfer of the GM traits to other plants
2) harm to non-target species
3) increased resistance to commonly used insecticides and herbicides

GMO - Genetically modified organism (GMO) is Genetic material of an organism is  altered with the help of genetic engineering techniques generally known as recombinant DNA technology. DNA molecules from one source is combined with the DNA of other in vitro into one molecule to create a new gene. The recombinant DNA is then transferred into an organism causing the expression of modified or novel traits. The product is also known as an Genetically Engineered Organism or GEO.

Examples Transgenic animals (mice, fish),  transgenic plants (BT Cotton, Flavour Savour Tomato), or various microbes (fungi and bacteria) . The production and use of GMOs are ivolved in biology or medicine, for the production of pharmaceuticals and industrial enzymes, and for direct, and often controversial, applications aimed at improving human health (e.g., gene therapy) or agriculture (e.g., golden rice). For example, a gene from a jellyfish, encoding a fluorescent protein called GFP, can be physically linked and thus co-expressed with mammalian genes to identify the location of the protein encoded by the GFP-tagged gene in the mammalian cell. The indispensable use of GMO is in many areas of research, such as to study the mechanisms of human and other diseases .

Traditional breeding techniques involve mixing thousands of genes, which in addition to providing the beneficial trait, also result in the loss of other traits of that crop considered to be valuable.
Significant time and effort is required to restore the other valued traits of that crop while maintaining the
desired trait using traditional breeding techniques.
Genetic modification permits food developers to add or enhance useful traits more specifically or remove
undesirable traits.
The technology permits food developers to add a desired trait in a more precise manner than traditional breeding without the loss of other beneficial characteristics since unwanted genes are not transferred.

White biotechnology, also known as grey biotechnology, is biotechnology applied to
industrial processes. An example is the designing of an organism to produce a
useful chemical. White biotechnology tends to consume less in resources than
traditional processes when used to produce industrial goods.