QTP has some additional functionality which is not present in WinRunner. For example,you can test(Functionality and Regression testing) an application developed in .Net technology with QTP,which is not possible to test in WinRunner

It is a process of analysing the given relation schemas based on their Functional Dependencies (FDs) and primary key to achieve the properties

Ø Minimizing redundancy

Ø Minimizing insertion, deletion and update anomalies.

A Functional dependency is denoted by X Y between two sets of attributes X and Y that are subsets of R specifies a constraint on the possible tuple that can form a relation state r of R. The constraint is for any two tuples t1 and t2 in r if t1[X] = t2[X] then they have t1[Y] = t2[Y]. This means the value of X component of a tuple uniquely determines the value of component Y.

Ø Every dependency in F has a single attribute for its right hand side.

Ø We cannot replace any dependency X A in F with a dependency Y A where Y is a proper subset of X and still have a set of dependency that is equivalent to F.

Ø We cannot remove any dependency from F and still have set of dependency that is equivalent to F.

AB -> B

AC -> C

C -> B

a) is in 1NF

b) is in 2NF

c) is in 3NF

d) is in BCNF

(a) is in 1NF since (AC)+ = { A, B, C} hence AC is the primary key. Since C B is a FD given, where neither C is a Key nor B is a prime attribute, this it is not in 3NF. Further B is not functionally dependent on key AC thus it is not in 2NF. Thus the given FDs is in 1NF.

Minimal key is one which can identify each tuple of the given relation schema uniquely. For finding the minimal key it is required to find the closure that is the set of all attributes that are dependent on any given set of attributes under the given set of functional dependency.

A self-contained functional software unit supported by a container and configurable at deployment time. The J2EE specification defines the following J2EE components:

Application clients and applets are components that run on the client.

Java servlet and JavaServer Pages (JSP) technology components are Web components that run on the server.

Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) components (enterprise beans) are business components that run on the server.

J2EE components are written in the Java programming language and are compiled in the same way as any program in the language. The difference between J2EE components and standard Java classes is that J2EE components are assembled into a J2EE application, verified to be well formed and in compliance with the J2EE specification, and deployed to production, where they are run and managed by the J2EE server or client container.

A session is a logical object created by the PHP engine to allow you to preserve data across subsequent HTTP requests.There is only one session object available to your PHP scripts at any time. Data saved to the session by a script can be retrieved by the same script or another script when requested from the same visitor.Sessions are commonly used to store temporary data to allow multiple PHP pages to offer a complete functional transaction for the same visitor.

Any deviation from the specifications mentioned in the product functional specification document is a [b]Defect[/b]. A defect or a bug is a mistake in the software application or AUT[Application Under Test] considering the details mentioned in the detailed specification document. So if some feature or functionality of a Software application is varying from what it is supposed to be[with regard to its expectations mentioned in the Specification documents] it is considered a bug or a Defect. Some companies use the term CR: Change Request for a bug.